The Geneva Convention and Interrogation

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n.
One of a series of agreements first formulated at an international convention held in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1864, establishing rules for the treatment of prisoners of war, the sick, and the wounded

US Military History Companion: Geneva Conventions
(1864)
The Geneva Convention of 22 August 1864 was the world's first multilateral humanitarian treaty. Sixteen nations were present, responding to public concern about the sufferings of sick and wounded soldiers, well publicized by the labors of Florence Nightingale in the Crimean War, Clara Barton and the U.S. Sanitary Commission in the American Civil War, and the dramatic book The Memory of Solferino (1862) by Henry Dunant, a Swiss, about the casualties at the Battle of Solferino in 1859. Dunant and four other Genevan philanthropists had already launched, in October 1863, what would become the international Red Cross movement. Now the twelve initial signatories bound their armies to respect and protect the lives and workplaces of each other's ambulance and medical personnel; to incorporate volunteer auxiliaries into their medical corps; and to signify their virtual neutrality by a protective emblem, "a red cross on a white ground." The United States acceded to the convention in 1882.Its consequences were mixed. The popularity of national Red Cross societies actually facilitated social mobilization for war purposes. On the other hand, the convention set a valuable humanitarian precedent, of which the most obvious sequels were its successively extended versions of 1906, 1929, 1949, and 1977.
[See also Laws of War; Red Cross, American.]
Bibliography
Dietrich Schindler and Jiri Toman, eds., The Laws of Armed Conflicts: A Collection of Conventions, Resolutions and Other’ Documents, 1973; 2nd ed. 1981.
John F. Hutchinson, Champions of Charity: The Red Cross and the Great Powers, 1995
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US Military Dictionary: Geneva Conventions
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The first multilateral humanitarian treaty, established in Geneva August 22, 1864. It included provisions to protect all establishments and personnel that treated wounded soldiers, incorporate volunteers into the medical corps, and establish the Red Cross symbol as a sign of neutrality. Subsequent Geneva conventions were established in 1906 and 1929 to extend the provisions and concepts of the first. Another Geneva convention was approved on August 12, 1949, after World War II in response to the need to codify the nature of war crimes. They included torture and other inhumane treatment as violations of the laws of war and extended provisions from previous conventions. On June 8, 1977, two protocols to the 1949 conventions were approved to protect civilians from becoming objects of attack, extend protection to guerrilla combatants, and establish commissions to investigate violations of international law. Over 150 nations have approved the 1949 conventions, and approximately half that number have approved those of 1977. The United States has not approved the latter. The Hague Conventions also established similar treaties.
See the Introduction, Abbreviations and Pronunciation for further details.
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Britannica Concise Encyclopedia: Geneva Conventions
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Series of four international agreements (1864, 1906, 1929, 1949) signed in Geneva, Switz., that established the humanitarian principles by which the signatory countries are to treat an enemy's military and civilian nationals in wartime. The first convention was initiated by Jean-Henri Dunant; it established that medical facilities were not to be war targets, that hospitals should treat all wounded impartially, that civilians aiding the wounded should be protected, and that the Red Cross symbol should serve to identify those covered by the agreement. The second convention amended and extended the first. The third stated that prisoners of war should be treated humanely and that prison camps should be open to inspection by neutral countries. The 1949 conventions made further provisions for civilians falling into a belligerent's hands. Guerrilla combatants were extended protection in two 1977 amendments, which the U.S. did not sign. Violations of the Geneva Conventions were among the crimes included in the jurisdictions of the international criminal tribunals for the former Yugoslavia (1993) and Rwanda (1994) and the International Criminal Court (2002). See also Hague Conventions; war crime.
For more information on Geneva Conventions, visit Britannica.com.
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US History Encyclopedia: Geneva Conventions
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Geneva Conventions, a series of international agreements drafted for the amelioration (improvement)of the treatment of the sick and wounded, in particular—but all prisoners—in land and sea warfare. The first Geneva Convention (1864)covered field armies only. Subsequent conventions extended that coverage to include the sick and wounded at sea, the treatment of prisoners of war, and the protection of noncombatants during time of war. The principles first articulated in the Geneva Conventions have become the cornerstones of international laws regulating conduct in wartime.
The first agreement resulted from the outcry that followed the publication in 1862 of Un Souvenir de Solferino, by Jean Henri Dunant, a cofounder of the Red Cross. His book—describing the suffering of wounded French, Italian, and Austrian soldiers in northern Italy in 1859 because of inadequate medical facilities—resulted in the convocation of an unofficial congress at Geneva in 1863 and, in the following year, of the formal sessions whose convention was ratified by the United States, most other American countries, and twelve European nations. An 1868 convention, while not ratified, expanded the earlier agreement to include naval warfare. The articles of the two conventions were observed during the Franco-Prussian (1870–1871)and Spanish-American (1898)wars.

Another conference was held in 1906 at Geneva, at which the conventions were revised; these were adopted by the Hague Peace Conference of 1907. The brutality of World War I demonstrated the need for clearer international guidelines in regard to what constituted lawful and unlawful conduct in wartime. In 1929, the conventions—signed by forty-seven nations—were widened to include provisions to improve the lot of prisoners of war. On the eastern front of the European theater, as well as in the Pacific, both the Axis and Allied powers routinely violated the protocols of the Geneva Conventions. Nazi Germany, in particular, murdered huge numbers of Soviet prisoners of war. The war crimes committed by the Nazis, coupled with their perpetration of the Holocaust, constituted the major charges levied the German government leaders during the 1946 Nuremberg Tribunal. The latest Geneva Convention—in 1949—was ratified by sixty-one countries, including the United States. Its four articles covered the amelioration of conditions of the wounded and sick in the armed forces, including those in the field and those shipwrecked at sea (articles I and II); the treatment of prisoners of war (III); and, in response to Nazi atrocities in World War II, the treatment and legal status of noncombatants in wartime (IV). The subjects of the last two articles, issues in World War II, were raised also during the Vietnam War. Since the latter was partially a guerrilla war, the distinction between armed combatants in civilian dress and noncombatants was blurred, and the applicability of the conventions to the Vietnam conflict was questioned. The United States and South Vietnam both publicly adhered to the convention, unlike North Vietnam and the National Liberation Front, which were also unwilling to allow the International Red Cross to inspect their prisoner-of-war camps.
Bibliography
Ellis, L. Ethan. Frank B. Kellogg and American Foreign Relations, 1925–1929. New Brunswick, N. J. : Rutgers University Press, 1929; 1961.
Keegan, John. The Second World War. New York: Hutchinson, 1989.
—Richard A. Hunt/A. G.
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Columbia Encyclopedia: Geneva Conventions
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Geneva Conventions, series of treaties signed (1864–1949) in Geneva, Switzerland, providing for humane treatment of combatants and civilians in wartime. The first convention, signed by 16 nations, covered the protection of sick and wounded soldiers and medical personnel and facilities, and was instrumental in the development of the International Committee of the Red Cross. Later conventions extended (1906) the first to naval warfare and covered (1929) the treatment of prisoners of war. As a result of World War II, particularly of the conduct of Germany and Japan, four conventions were adopted in 1949 to strengthen and codify earlier treaties and safeguard civilians.

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Marine Corps Dictionary: Geneva Conventions
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A series of meetings held in Geneva Switzerland and Oslo Norway in which most nations of the world have agreed on the rules for modern warfare. Accords include the identification of enemies and the treatment and repatriation of prisoners.
Politics: Geneva Conventions
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A set of international rules that govern the treatment of prisoners, the sick and wounded, and civilians during war. Under the Geneva Conventions, for example, ambulances and military hospitals and their staff are officially neutral and are not to be fired upon. Nearly all countries of the world have agreed to the Geneva Conventions.
The first Geneva Convention was drawn up in the late nineteenth century and concerned only the sick and wounded in war. It has been revised several times since to accommodate new

Wikipedia: Geneva Conventions
The Geneva Conventions consist of four treaties formulated in Geneva, Switzerland, that set the standards for international law for humanitarian concerns. These four treaties are the bases for humanitarian law across the world.
They chiefly concern the treatment of non-combatants and prisoners of war. They do not affect the use of weapons in war, which are covered by the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 and the Geneva Protocol on the use of gas and biological weapons of 1925 (The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees is also referred to as "the Geneva Convention", but it is not part of these four).
The Conventions were the results of efforts by Henri Dunant, who was motivated by the horrors of war he witnessed at the Battle of Solferino in 1859. In 1977 and 2005 three separate amendments were made part of the Geneva Conventions.
The adoption of the First Convention followed the foundation of the International Committee of the Red Cross in 1863. The text is given the title Resolutions of the Geneva International Conference, Geneva, 26–29 October 1863.
As of 2 August 2006, when the Republic of Montenegro adopted the four conventions, they have been ratified by 194 countries.[1]
All conventions were revised and expanded in 1948.
First Geneva Convention "for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field" (first adopted in 1864, last revision in 1949).
Second Geneva Convention "for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea" (first adopted in 1906).
Third Geneva Convention "relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War" (first adopted in 1929, last revision in 1949).
Fourth Geneva Convention "relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War" (first adopted in 1949, based on parts of the 1907 Hague Convention IV).

Protocols
In addition, there are three additional amendment protocols to the Geneva Conventions:
Protocol I (1977): Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts. As of 12 January 2007, it had been ratified by 167 countries.
Protocol II (1977): Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts. As of 12 January 2007, it had been ratified by 163 countries.
Protocol III (2005): Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, relating to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem. As of June 2007, it had been ratified by 17 countries and signed but not yet ratified by an additional 68 countries (see Red Crystal).

Revision and ratification
All four conventions were last revised and ratified in 1949, based on previous revisions and partly on some of the 1907 Hague Conventions; the whole set is referred to as the "Geneva Conventions of 1949" or simply the "Geneva Conventions". Later conferences have added provisions prohibiting certain methods of warfare and addressing issues of civil wars. Nearly all 200 countries of the world are "signatory" nations, in that they have ratified these conventions.
Clara Barton was instrumental in campaigning for the ratification of the First Geneva Convention by the United States; the U.S. signed in 1882. By the Fourth Geneva Convention, some 47 nations had ratified the agreements.

General Provisions of the First Three Common Articles
Each of the four conventions begins with three virtually identical articles.

Common Article 1
Article 1 reads: "The High Contracting Parties undertake to respect and to ensure respect for the present Convention in all circumstances."

Common Article 2
Article 2 specifies which parties are bound, and under what circumstances.
That any armed conflict between two or more "High Contracting Parties" is covered;
That it applies to occupations of a "High Contracting Party";
That the relationship between the "High Contracting Parties" and a non-signatory, the party will remain bound until the non-signatory no longer acts under the strictures of the convention. "...Although one of the Powers in conflict may not be a party to the present Convention, the Powers who are parties thereto shall remain bound by it in their mutual relations. They shall furthermore be bound by the Convention in relation to the said Power, if the latter accepts and applies the provisions thereof."

Common Article 3
Article 3 has been called a "Convention in miniature." It is the only article of the Geneva Conventions that applies in non-international conflicts.[2]
It describes minimal protections which must be adhered to by all individuals within a signatory's territory during an armed conflict not of an international character (regardless of citizenship or lack thereof): Noncombatants, combatants who have laid down their arms, and combatants who are hors de combat (out of the fight) due to wounds, detention, or any other cause shall in all circumstances be treated humanely, including prohibition of outrages upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading treatment. The passing of sentences must also be pronounced by a regularly constituted court, affording all the judicial guarantees which are recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples. Article 3's protections exist even though no one is classified as a prisoner of war.
The article text for Article 3 of the Second Geneva Convention differs from the other three Conventions in that it adds "shipwrecked" to the "wounded and sick."
Article 3 also states that parties to the internal conflict should endeavour to bring into force, by means of special agreements, all or part of the other provisions of the Geneva Conventions.

See also
Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project (RULAC)
Attacks on humanitarian workers
Command responsibility
Geneva Conference
Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907)
Human rights
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
Laws of war
Nuremberg Principles
Protective sign
Reprisals
War crime

References
^ "State Parties / Signatories: Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949". International Humanitarian Law. International Committee of the Red Cross. http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/WebSign?ReadForm&id=375&ps=P. Retrieved on 2007-01-22.
^ Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War – Commentary 12 August 1949

External links


Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Geneva Convention
Texts and commentaries of 1949 Conventions & Additional Protocols
ICRC overview of the Geneva Conventions
Reference Guide to the Geneva Conventions
http://www.supportgenevaconventions.info/

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Dictionary. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2007, 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2007. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Read more


US Military History Companion. The Oxford Companion to American Military History. Copyright © 2000 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved. Read more


US Military Dictionary. The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military. Copyright © 2001, 2002 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved. Read more


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THIS MAKES YOU THINK..... about the media and politics !!!!!! "Iowa"

From an e-mail sent to me by Bookman

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IOWA (THE HEARTLAND OF AMERICA ) AND NEW ORLEANS?NEW ORLEANS KNEW THAT A HURRICANE WAS COMING AND CHOSE TO DO LITTLE , THEN EXPECT THE GOVERNMENT AND THE TAXPAYERS TO REBUILD THE CITY AND THEIR HOMES BETTER THAN THEY WERE PRIOR TO THE HURRICANEIOWA JUST WATCHED IT RAIN AND DEALT WITH IT

Where are the Hollywood celebrities holding telethons asking for help in restoring Iowa and helping the folks affected by the floods?

Where is good old Michael Moore?

Why is the media NOT asking the tough questions about why the federal government hasn't solved this problem? .....Asking where the FEMA trucks and trailers and food services are?Why isn't the Federal government moving Iowa people into free hotels in Chicago and Minneapolis ?

When will Spike Lee say that the Federal government blew up the levees that failed in Des Moines ?

Where are Sean Penn, Bono, and the Dixie Chicks?

Where are all the looters stealing high-end tennis shoes,cases of beer and television sets? When will we hear Governor Chet Culver say that he wants to rebuild a 'vanilla' Iowa .... because that's what God wants?

Where is the hysterical 24/7 media coverage complete with reports of shootings at rescuers, of rapes and murder?

Where are all the people screaming that George Bush hates white, rural people? My God, where are Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt, Oprah, and Ray Coniff Jr?

How come in another two weeks, you will never hear about the Iowa flooding ever again? Where are the government bailout vouchers? The government debit cards? There must be one hell of a big difference between the value of the people of Iowa and value of the people of Louisiana Pass this unedited, undoctored, factual information forward...... to get Americans thinking.Let's float this one around for a while in contrast to all of the hullabaloo that New Orleans received. There must be one hell of a big difference between the value of the people of Iowa and value of the people of Louisiana Pass this unedited, undoctored, factual information forward...... to get Americans thinking.Let's float this one around for a while in contrast to all of the hullabaloo that New Orleans received.

WELL SAID GUESS SOME PEOPLE JUST TAKE THE BULL BY THE HORNS AND GO TO WORK AND SOME JUST WAIT FOR OTHERS TO DO IT FOR THEM!!!!!!!!!! AND YOU KNOW WE ARE SICK FOR DOING THAT.

These are some really good pictures of the actual flooding in Iowa. I think a lot of them are of downtown Cedar Rapids, IA.

Thoughtfully...............................................!?!

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What If........

Hello,

Forgive me if I am long winded, or provide you with information you already have.

What IF


What IF; a group of Patriots spent eight years trying to hammer out an accord ( perhaps The Constitution of The United States of America ) which would allow their thirteen communities ( Colonies ? ) to be SOVEREIGN ( having supreme rank, power, or authority,, supreme, preeminent, indisputable, a sovereign right ) within said community.

What IF; they wanted to run their own communities internally, without interference from the other communities/central government and, live together in Freedom, Peace and Mutual Prosperity?

What IF; every community that later joined enjoyed the same FRUITS and BENEFITS of that accord?

What if; their idea was to form a central meeting place, not an interfering Central Domineering
Government ( Dictatorship? ), where differences between the thirteen communities could be peacefully worked out.

What IF; that Central Body ( Federal Government ) was not allowed to interfere with the internal business of the individual thirteen sovereign commmunities, per that accord?

What IF; all this happened, after a devistating War for Independence from a Monarchy, read Dictator; a civil split between those who wanted ( Patriots ) this new opportunity and those who didn't ( Torries, Monarchists/Dictators ).

What IF; you compound this with Brush Wars of personal feuds ( like the Hatfields and McCoys etc. ) and Border Wars, over Tariffs between their thirteen sovereign communities.

What IF; there was an ever present threat from established Empires, who covet the abondant recources of the thirteen sovereign communitie's land, and the populace's potential use as Subjects, read Serfs or Slaves.

What IF; the representatives of the thirteen sovereign communities, drafted and voted UNANIMOUSLY 100 percent ( NOT 51 percent or better ) for a document ( The United States Constitution for example ).

What IF; all elected officials and Government Soldiers had to take an Oath to Support and Defend The Constitution of The United States of America against all enemies Foreign and Domestic for example. By the way, They DO ! ! ! !

What IF; We survived for 200 Years, and pushed the World forward in Social, Scientific, Economic, Political, Standard of Living and Technological quantum leaps, faster than any other Civilization or Society in the written history of Man on Earth !

What IF; these Quantum Leaps were made possible by the Lack of suppressive Monarchists, Dictators, Totalitarians, War Lords etc.......................................................

What IF; some one or an finite group of someone's ( read dictators ) wanted to run the lives of the Majority by circumventing the United States Constitution, and little by little taking away our Freedoms? Ask me about Frog Soup sometime!

What IF; everyone suddenly realized that Race, Sex and anyother discrimination you care to name do not change the Fact that All of Us, We the People, regardless of our differences, are All equal and Citizens of the United States of America. As Benjamin Franklin once told the Continental Congress before presenting King George of England with The Declaration of Indepenence; " We must now hang together, or We shall certainly All Hang Separately from a tree ". What the Continental Congress did was Treason to the Crown of England until They won Their FREEDOM, then They became HEROS and PATRIOTS ! You should be both !

What IF; a few Dictators wanted to USURP ( verb (used with object) to seize and hold (a position, office, power, etc.) by force or without legal right ) United States Sovereignty by allowing Foreign Law to be enforced USURPING United States SOVEREIGN AUTHORITY within it's Borders?

What IF; you had to Support and Defend The Constitution of The United States of America against all ENEMIES Foreign and Domestic, TODAY , would you?

What IF; We the People of the United States of America, had the same responsibility to Support and Defend The Constitution of The United States of America against all ENEMIES Foreign and Domestic TODAY ? Well by virtue of Membership in the United States of America via your Legal Citizenship and Legal Residence in your State, YOU DO HAVE THAT INESCAPABLE RESPONSIBILITY !

Be PATRIOTIC ( ! ) and Support and Defend The Constitution of The United States of America against all ENEMIES FOREIGN and DOMESTIC, TODAY ! Do NOT suffer the actions of those ( DICTATORS ) who would take away your FREEDOM !

Thank You for your time and Attention,

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The Price of Freedom

To whom it may concern,

Forgive me for: 1. Being long winded and 2. perhaps telling you information you already posess.

First, since the Revolutionary War, there have been those who want a Monarchy here in North America; study George Washington after the end of the War and pryor to becoming the President.

Monarchists ( read: Dictators of any decription or name ) cannot abide an armed populace, an informed populace, an educated populace nor a free populace.

A person with a weapon is a Citizen. A person unarmed is a Subject, read Slave. But note, I mentioned other things as well as weapons.

Today tyrany is any and all forms of government other than a Republic. America is a Republic, we use Democracy as a governing tool, America is not a Government by Democracy. A Republic is a Government of - Rule by Law ( example The Constitution ), a Democracy is a group of Citizen's deciding to hang a horse thief without benefit of a Trial by Jury. I highly recommend reading The Constitution, it is the law and it is enlightening. In America, we are all equal, and no one is above the Law. No person or Government or Corporation or Organization. may enforce any Law or Rule which contradicts The Constitution.

Well now, in the 90's and the 21st century, the Public Schools are not teaching children Civics ( at least not in Mississippi ). The " Powers that be " are trying to dumb down the Populace, so they will not know they are slowly being deprived of Constitutional Protections; ask me about Frog Soup sometime.

Gun Control is one way to control a Populace. Private Citizens are guarenteed the Right to Bear Arms by The Constitution. The Founders of America had just escaped servitude under a Dictator ( King George of England ) and understood the damage a Government ( even the U S government ) could do to an unarmed Populace. Power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely!

Commoners in England did not have the right to own weapons; Colonists had to, because of the hostile environment [ Indians, Animals and foreign armies ( The French, The Spanish, The Dutch and The Germans)] . Therefore, The Continental Congress guarenteed the Right to Own Weapons; including Guns. Coincidently, they did not restrict or categorize what weapons were included. Therefore there is no Constitutional restriction regarding Weapon Type. A Constitutional Amendment would therefore be required to Lawfully Ban Ownership of any Weapon. No Law or rule may be enforced if it contradicts The Constitution.

The problem with Columbine and all the other shootings, is that the Bad Guys can get Weapons even if there is 100 percent Gun Control, which would make all the honest Citizens both Subjects and Defenceless Victims. Weapon control was already play tested by the Ancient Chinese and the result was the utiliization of Open Hand combat techniques aka The Martial Arts. Couple that with the lack of any Press Coverage of the events where armed Citizens have saved lives with a gun, fighting off Criminals; an event that is more prevelant than Gun Crimes because we have so many Citizens who are armed ( private Citizens ).

When Your parents and I are old and frail, we will rely on your generation to teach the Children to be Free; and for you to Protect the Constitution from all Enemies Foreign and Domestic!
ANY SOLDIER KNOWS THAT THE PRICE OF FREEDOM IS DEATH. IF YOU ARE NOT WILLING ( AS THE FOUNDERS ( read Continental Congress ) OF THE UNITED STATES WERE ) TO GIVE YOUR LIFE TO BE FREE, THEN YOU ARE ALREADY A SLAVE TO SOMETHING!

We are strong because, We the People run this Country. That specifically means that the Elected Officials work for US! They are directly responsible to the People, NOT a Political Party! Looking for guidance? See the Constitution and your Constituents ( read voters in your Constituency ).

I hope my message was not too long!

Good to commmunicate with you,

http://www.walterdavidson.com/

wizardry@netdoor.com

601-331-1769

Express Your Opinion

Hello,

The point of this blog is to get you, the world public, to voice your opinion on Current Affairs.

With the exception of Google's Rules ( please respect them ), please use your Right to Freedom of Speach! If You do not have this right, read American History; specifically, The Revolutionary War. The creation of the American Constitution is also a great reference, as is The Constitution itself.

So, What is your opinion on Curent Affairs, on planet Earth today? Express yourself and choose your own Subject!

Brought to you inpart by, The Constitution of The United States of America, one of the great Republics of History, and the Freedoms it brings!

Cordially,

www.walterdavidson.com

wizardry@netdoor.com

601-331-1769